For persons in housing units at the time of the 1960 Census, the sampling unit was the housing unit and all its occupants; for persons in group quarters, it was the person. On the first visit to an address, the enumerator assigned a sample key letter (A, B, C, or D) to each housing unit sequentially in the order in which he first visited the units, whether or not he completed an interview. Each enumerator was given a random key letter to start his assignment, and the order of canvassing was indicated in advance, although these instructions allowed some latitude in the order of visiting addresses. Each housing unit to which the key letter "A" was assigned was designated as a sample unit, and all persons enumerated in the unit were included in the sample. In every group quarters, the sample consisted of every fourth person in the order listed. Most of the 1960 statistics in this report are based on a 5-percent sample, which is a subsample of one-fifth of the original 25-percent sample schedules; some, however, are based on a 4-percent sample (table 16) and others on a 1-percent sample (tables 32, 35, 36, 43); table 37 contains both 4-percent and 1- percent sample data. The 5-percent sample was selected on the computer, using a stratified systematic Sample Design. The strata were made up as follows: For persons in regular housing units there were 36 strata, i.e., 9 household size groups by 2 tenure groups by 2 color groups; for persons in group quarters, there were 2 strata, i.e., the 2 color groups.

The 4-percent and 1-percent samples represent, respectively, those households in the 20-percent and 5-percent housing samples that fell in the 5-percent population sample. Statistics shown for these samples were produced by inflating tallies from the 5-percent population sample by a uniform factor of 1.25 (for the 4-percent sample) and 5 (for the 1-percent sample).

Although the sampling procedure did not automatically insure an exact 5-percent sample of persons, the Sample Design was unbiased if carried through according to instructions. Generally, for large areas, the deviation from the estimated sample size was found to be quite small. Biases may have arisen, however, when the enumerator failed to follow his listing and sampling instructions exactly.

The statistics based on the 5-percent sample of the 1960 Census returns are estimates that have been developed through the use of a Ratio Estimation procedure. This procedure was carried out for each of the following groups of persons in each of the sample weighting areas: ²

Group	Sex, color, and age	Relationship and tenure
	Male white:
1	Under 5
2	5 to 13
3	14 to 24	Head of owner household
4	14 to 24	Head of renter household
5	14 to 24	Not head of household
6-8	25 to 44	Same groups as age group 14 to 24
9-11	45 and over	Same groups as age group 14 to 24
	Male nonwhite:
12-22	Same groups as male white
	Female white:
23-33	Same groups as male white
	Female nonwhite:
34-44	Same groups as male white

The sample weighting areas were defined as those areas within a State consisting of central cities of Urbanized Areas, the remaining portion of Urbanized Areas not in central cities, urban places not in Urbanized Areas, or rural areas.

For each of the 44 groups, the ratio of the complete count to the sample count of the population in the group was determined. Each specific sample person in the group was assigned an integral weight so that the sum of the weights would equal the complete count for the group. For example, if the ratio for a group was 20.1, one-tenth of the persons (selected at random) within the group were assigned a weight of 21, and the remaining nine-tenths a weight of 20. The use of such a combination of integral weights rather than a single fractional weight was adopted to avoid the complications involved in rounding in the final tables. In order to increase the reliability, where there were fewer than 275 persons in the complete count in a group, or where the resulting weight was over 80, groups were combined in a specific order to satisfy both of these two conditions.

These ratio estimates reduce the component of sampling error arising from the variation in the size of household and achieve some of the gains of stratification in the selection of the sample, with the strata being the groups for which separate ratio estimates are computed. The net effect is a reduction in the sampling error and bias of most statistics below what would be obtained by weighting the results of the 5-percent sample by a uniform factor of 20. The reduction in sampling error will be trivial for some items and substantial for others. A by-product of this estimation procedure, in general, is that estimates for this sample are generally consistent with the complete count with respect to the total population and for the subdivisions used as groups in the estimation procedure. A more complete discussion of the technical aspects of these ratio estimates will be presented in another report.

The figures from the 5-percent sample tabulations are subject to Sampling Variability, which can be estimated roughly from the standard errors shown in tables C and D below. These tables³ do not reflect the effect of response variance, processing variance, or bias arising in the collection, processing, and estimation steps. Estimates of the magnitude of some of these factors in the total error are being evaluated and will be published at a later date. The chances are about 2 out of 3 that the difference due to Sampling Variability between an estimate and the figure that would have been obtained from a complete count of the population is less than the standard error. The chances are about 19 out of 20 that the difference is less than twice the standard error and about 99 out of 100 that it is less than 2 ½ times the standard error. The amount by which the estimated standard error must be multiplied to obtain other odds deemed more appropriate can be found in most statistical textbooks.

Table C shows rough standard errors of estimated numbers up to 50,000. The relative sampling errors of larger estimated numbers are somewhat smaller than for 50,000. For estimated numbers above 50,000, however, the nonsampling errors, e.g., response errors and processing errors, may have an increasingly important effect on the total error. Table D shows rough standard errors of data in the form of percentages. Linear interpolation in tables C and D will provide approximate results that are satisfactory for most purposes.

Table C. Rough Approximation to Standard Error of Estimated Number
(Range of 2 chances out of 3)

Estimated number	Standard error
	5-percent sample	4-percent sample	1-percent sample
50	30	30	70
100	40	40	90
250	60	70	130
500	90	100	200
1,000	120	130	260
2,500	200	220	440
5,000	280	310	620
10,000	390	430	860
15,000	480	530	1,060
25,000	620	680	1,360
50,000	880	970	1,940

Table D. Rough Approximation to Standard Error of Estimated Percentage
(Range of 2 chances out of 3)

Sample size and base of percentage	Estimated percentage
	2 or 98	5 or 95	10 or 90	25 or 75	50
5-percent sample
1,000	2.3	4.0	5.0	6.8	7.8
2,500	1.3	2.3	3.0	3.8	4.0
10,000	0.8	1.0	1.5	1.8	2.0
25,000	0.3	0.5	0.8	1.0	1.3
100,000	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.8
4-percent sample
1,000	2.5	4.4	5.5	7.5	8.6
2,500	1.4	2.5	3.3	4.2	4.4
10,000	0.9	1.1	1.6	2.0	2.2
25,000	0.3	0.6	0.9	1.1	1.4
100,000	0.3	0.3	0.6	0.6	0.9
1-percent sample
1,000	5.1	8.8	11.0	15.0	17.2
2,500	2.9	5.1	6.6	8.4	8.8
10,000	1.8	2.2	2.2	4.0	4.4
25,000	0.7	1.1	1.1	2.2	2.9
100,000	0.7	0.7	0.7	1.1	1.8

For a discussion of the Sampling Variability of medians and means and of the method for obtaining standard errors of differences between two estimates see 1960 Census of Population, Volume I, Characteristics of the Population, Part 1, United States Summary.

Illustration: Table shows that for husband- wife families in central cities of Urbanized Areas, there are 38,325 heads employed as clerical and kindred workers, who were first married between 1950 and 1954 and who, at the time of their first marriage, were under 22 years old. Table is based on a 5-percent sample and table C shows that for an estimate of 38,325 based on the 5-percent sample, a rough approximation to the standard error is about 759. This means that the chances are about 2 out of 3 that a complete census result would not differ by more than 759 from this estimated 38,325. It also follows that there is only about 1 chance in 100 that a complete count would differ by as much as 1,898, that is, by about 2 ½ times the number estimated from table C.